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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

  • M. H. Forouzanfar
  • , L. Alexander
  • , V. F. Bachman
  • , S. Biryukov
  • , M. Brauer
  • , D. Casey
  • , M. M. Coates
  • , K. Delwiche
  • , K. Estep
  • , J. J. Frostad
  • , K. C. Astha
  • , H. H. Kyu
  • , M. Moradi-Lakeh
  • , M. Ng
  • , E. Slepak
  • , B. A. Thomas
  • , J. Wagner
  • , T. Achoki
  • , C. Atkinson
  • , R. M. Barber
  • K. Cooperrider, L. Dandona, D. Dicker, A. D. Flaxman, T. D. Fleming, K. J. Foreman, E. Gakidou, S. I. Hay, K. R. Heuton, M. L. Iannarone, T. Ku, H. J. Larson, S. S. Lim, A. D. Lopez, R. Lozano, M. F. MacIntyre, C. Margono, A. McLain, A. H. Mokdad, E. C. Mullany, C. J.L. Murray, M. Naghavi, G. Nguyen, A. W. Pain, L. Richardson, M. Robinson, L. Sandar, N. Stephens, A. M. Temesgen, B. Thomson, T. Vos, X. Wan, H. Wang, B. Wurtz, B. E. Ebel, R. G. Ellenbogen, J. L. Wright, R. Alfonso-Cristancho, B. O. Anderson, P. N. Jensen, D. A. Quistberg, A. Riederer, M. S. Vavilala, J. R. Zunt, H. R. Anderson, F. Pourmalek, C. C. Gotay, R. Burnett, H. H. Shin, S. Weichenthal, A. Cohen, A. Knudsen, G. Aasvang, J. M. Kinge, V. Skirbekk, S. Vollset, C. Abbafati, A. Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A. Çavlin, B. Kucuk Bicer, F. Abd-Allah, S. F. Abera, Y. A. Melaku, V. Aboyans, B. Abraham, J. Puthenpurakal Abraham, J. Puthenpurakal Abraham, A. L. Thorne-Lyman, E. L. Ding, S. Fahimi, S. Khatibzadeh, G. R. Wagner, G. Bukhman, I. R. Campos-Nonato, A. B. Feigl, J. A. Salomon, H. Benzian, I. Abubakar, N. M.E. Abu-Rmeileh, T. C. Aburto, M. A. Avila, S. Barquera, T. Barrientos-Gutierrez, J. C. Campuzano, A. J. Cantoral, A. G. Contreras, L. Cuevas-Nasu, V. De, F. A. García-Guerra, H. Gomez Dantes, T. Gonzalez de Cosio, D. González-Castell, I. B. Heredia-Pi, L. Hernandez, A. Jauregui, C. Medina, F. Mejia-Rodriguez, J. C. Montañez Hernandez, L. S. Pedraza, A. Pedroza, A. D. Quezada, D. Salvo, L. M. Sanchez, T. G. Sánchez-Pimienta, E. E. Servan-Mori, T. Shamah Levy, M. M. Téllez Rojo, S. Villalpando, A. Adelekan, K. Adofo, A. K. Adou, J. C. Adsuar, U. Fra Paleo, A. Afshin, R. Micha, D. Mozaffarian, S. Shahraz, S. Shangguan, G. M. Singh, E. E. Agardh, M. J. Al Khabouri, F. H. Al Lami, S. Alam, A. Naheed, D. Alasfoor, M. I. Albittar, M. A. Alegretti, F. Cavalleri, A. V. Aleman, V. Colistro, Z. A. Alemu, S. Alhabib, Z. Chen, P. Gething, R. Ali, D. A. Bennett, A. D.M. Briggs, K. Rahimi, P. Scarborough, E. P. Simard, M. K. Ali, S. Argeseanu Cunningham, Y. Liu, K. M.V. Narayan, S. B. Omer, F. Alla, F. Guillemin, P. Allebeck, N. Roy, M. Kivipelto, E. Weiderpass, S. Fereshtehnejad, R. Havmoeller, S. Sindi, P. J. Allen, U. Alsharif, M. Endres, S. Nolte, C. Papachristou, E. Alvarez, N. Alvis-Guzman, A. J. Paternina Caicedo, A. A. Amankwaa, A. T. Amare, H. W. Hoek, R. T. Gansevoort, M. Yenesew, E. A. Ameh, O. Ameli, H. Amini, M. Tanner, W. Ammar, H. L. Harb, C. A.T. Antonio, E. A. Faraon, C. A. Panelo, P. Anwari, J. Arnlöv, A. Larsson, V. S. Arsic Arsenijevic, A. Artaman, R. J. Asghar, R. Assadi, L. S. Atkins, B. Awuah, D. O. Laryea, A. Badawi, M. C. Bahit, T. Bakfalouni, K. Balakrishnan, S. Balalla, V. L. Feigin, B. J. Te Ao, R. Balu, R. Dandona, S. Goenka, G. Kumar, K. S. Murthy, K. Reddy, A. Banerjee, S. L. Barker-Collo, B. del Pozo-Cruz, L. Barregard, L. H. Barrero, A. C. Basto-Abreu, C. Batis Ruvalcaba, E. F. de Castro, N. Lopez, J. L. Texcalac, A. Basu, L. Gaffikin, S. Basu, M. O. Basulaiman, Z. A. Memish, J. Beardsley, N. Bedi, T. Bekele, M. L. Bell, J. J. Huang, C. Benjet, G. Borges, R. A. Gutiérrez, R. Orozco, L. Trasande, H. Hagan, E. Bernabé, C. D.A. Wolfe, T. J. Beyene, N. Bhala, S. Derrett, A. Bhalla, V. Jha, Z. A. Bhutta, M. I. Nisar, B. Bikbov, A. A. Bin Abdulhak, L. Vijayakumar, P. P. Chiang, J. D. Blore, P. M. Brooks, A. Lakshmana Balaji, S. M. Colquhoun, R. G. Weintraub, F. M. Blyth, A. Meretoja, M. A. Bohensky, B. Bora Basara, G. K. Yentür, M. R. Kose, A. Pekericli, S. B. Uzun, N. M. Bornstein, D. Bose, S. Boufous, L. Degenhardt, R. R. Bourne, M. Brainin, A. Brazinova, M. Majdan, N. J. Breitborde, B. Schöttker, H. Brenner, D. M. Broday, R. Lunevicius, N. G. Bruce, M. K. Dherani, D. Pope, T. S. Brugha, B. Brunekreef, H. Kromhout, R. Buchbinder, B. Gabbe, K. B. Gibney, A. G. Thrift, L. N. Bui, N. T. Nguyen, A. G. Bulloch, S. B. Patten, M. Tonelli, J. Wang, M. Burch, P. G.J. Burney, D. L. Jarvis, A. Rodriguez, L. Rushton, M. Soljak, T. N. Williams, J. Caravanos, D. Nash, R. Cárdenas, E. Cardis, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, D. Rojas-Rueda, D. O. Carpenter, R. Leung, V. Caso, C. A. Castañeda-Orjuela, R. E. Castro, F. Catalá-López, V. K. Chadha, J. Chang, J. G. Scott, D. G. Hoy, L. D. Knibbs, F. J. Charlson, H. E. Erskine, A. J. Ferrari, H. N. Gouda, L. J. Veerman, H. A. Whiteford, W. Chen, X. Zou, H. Chen, S. J. London, Y. Jiang, K. Takahashi, O. Chimed-Ochir, R. Chowdhury, J. Powles, C. A. Christophi, T. Chuang, S. S. Chugh, M. Cirillo, T. K.D. Claßen, A. Kraemer, M. Tobollik, M. Colomar, C. Cooper, L. T. Cooper, J. Coresh, K. Matsushita, B. X. Tran, K. J. Courville, M. H. Criqui, M. B. Stein, J. Damsere-Derry, H. Danawi, A. H. Refaat, P. I. Dargan, A. Davis, D. F.J. Fay, J. C. Schmidt, D. V. Davitoiu, A. Dayama, D. DeLeo, G. de Lima, V. M.P. Machado, J. R. Nogueira, C. M. Teixeira, R. P. Dellavalle, K. Deribe, W. Mekonnen, D. C. Des Jarlais, M. Dessalegn, G. A. deVeber, M. P. Lindsay, H. Hu, K. M. Devries, M. McKee, N. Pearce, H. Stöckl, T. Tillmann, C. H. Watts, S. D. Dharmaratne, K. Dokova, E. R. Dorsey, T. R. Driscoll, G. B. Marks, J. Leigh, L. Duan, Y. Li, S. Liu, J. Ma, L. Wang, P. Ye, M. Zhou, X. Liang, A. M. Durrani, Y. M. Elshrek, S. P. Ermakov, S. Soshnikov, B. Eshrati, F. Farzadfar, A. Esteghamati, N. Hafezi-Nejad, S. Sheikhbahaei, S. G. Sepanlou, P. Heydarpour, M. Sahraian, V. Rahimi-Movaghar, C. P. Ferri, N. Foigt, R. C. Franklin, A. Gamkrelidze, I. Khonelidze, L. Sturua, F. G. Gankpé, E. Gasana, N. Sabin, J. M. Geleijnse, B. D. Gessner, R. F. Gillum, I. A.M. Ginawi, M. Giroud, G. Giussani, K. Goginashvili, P. Gona, A. Goto, R. L. Guerrant, A. S. Terkawi, H. C. Gugnani, D. Gunnell, R. Gupta, M. Hagstromer, Y. A. Halasa, B. T. Idrisov, R. R. Hamadeh, M. Hammami, G. J. Hankey, Y. Hao, Y. Zheng, T. Haregu, S. van de Vijver, J. Haro, M. T. Hedayati, M. Hijar, H. J. Hoffman, G. A. Mensah, U. K. Sampson, J. C. Hornberger, H. Hosgood, M. Hsairi, G. Hu, C. Huang, B. J. Hubbell, L. Huiart, L. Racapé, A. Husseini, K. M. Iburg, N. Ikeda, K. Innos, M. Inoue, N. Kawakami, K. Shibuya, F. Islami, S. Ismayilova, K. H. Jacobsen, H. A. Jansen, S. K. Jassal, Sudha Jayaraman, P. Jeemon, D. Prabhakaran, F. Jiang, G. Jiang, M. R. Phillips, J. B. Jonas, K. Juel, J. She, H. Kan, S. S. Kany Roseline, N. E. Karam, A. Karch, C. K. Karema, G. Karthikeyan, V. K. Paul, M. Satpathy, N. Tandon, A. Kaul, D. S. Kazi, A. H. Kemp, P. A. Lotufo, G. V. Polanczyk, I. S. Santos, A. P. Kengne, R. Matzopoulos, C. D. Parry, K. Sliwa, B. M. Mayosi, D. J. Stein, A. Keren, Y. S. Khader, S. E. Ali Hassan Khalifa, E. A. Khan, Y. Khang, C. Kieling, D. Kim, S. Kim, Y. Kim, R. W. Kimokoti, Y. Kinfu, B. M. Kissela, Y. Kokubo, S. Kosen, T. S. Warouw, M. Kravchenko, Y. Y. Varakin, S. Krishnaswami, B. Kuate Defo, E. J. Kuipers, S. Polinder, C. Kulkarni, V. S. Kulkarni, G. F. Kwan, T. Lai, R. Lalloo, T. Lallukka, R. Shiri, H. Lam, Q. Lan, V. C. Lansingh, P. M. Lavados, A. E. Lawrynowicz, J. L. Leasher, J. Lee, S. Yoon, M. Levi, J. Liang, Y. Wang, J. Zhu, S. E. Lipshultz, B. K. Lloyd, R. Room, G. Logroscino, J. Lortet-Tieulent, S. Ma, H. P. Phua, C. Magis-Rodriguez, A. A. Mahdi, R. Malekzadeh, S. Mangalam, C. C. Mapoma, F. Masiye, M. Marape, W. Marcenes, P. A. Meaney, D. J. Margolis, D. H. Silberberg, R. V. Martin, M. B. Marzan, M. T. Mashal, A. J. Mason-Jones, T. T. Mazorodze, A. C. McKay, M. Mehndiratta, M. Meltzer, W. Mendoza, F. Apolinary Mhimbira, T. R. Miller, E. J. Mills, S. Mishra, N. Mohamed Ibrahim, K. A. Mohammad, G. L. Mola, L. Monasta, M. Montico, L. Ronfani, A. R. Moore, L. Morawska, R. E. Norman, R. Mori, M. Tsilimbaris, J. Moschandreas, W. N. Moturi, A. Werdecker, U. O. Mueller, R. Westerman, M. Mukaigawara, Z. Nahas, K. S. Naidoo, L. Naldi, D. Nand, V. Nangia, B. Neal, C. Nejjari, S. P. Neupane, C. R. Newton, F. N. Ngalesoni, J. D. Ngirabega, J. M. Nolla, S. E. Vollset, O. F. Norheim, B. Norrving, L. Nyakarahuka, I. Oh, T. Ohkubo, B. O. Olusanya, J. N. Opio, R. S. Pagcatipunan, J. D. Pandian, E. Park, S. Seedat, B. I. Pavlin, L. Pejin Stokic, D. M. Pereira, R. Perez-Padilla, F. Perez-Ruiz, N. Perico, G. Remuzzi, M. Trillini, S. A.L. Perry, A. Pervaiz, K. Pesudovs, C. B. Peterson, M. Petzold, D. Plass, D. Poenaru, C. D. Pond, C. Pope, S. Popova, J. Rehm, N. M. Prasad, D. M. Qato, A. Rafay, S. M. Rana, S. Ur Rahman, M. Raju, I. Rakovac, M. Rao, H. Razavi, A. L. Ribeiro, G. Velasquez-Melendez, P. M. Riccio, L. A. Sposato, A. Roca, I. Romieu, K. Straif, G. M. Ruhago, B. F. Sunguya, R. L. Sacco, S. Saha, R. Sahathevan, J. R. Sanabria, L. Sanchez-Riera, A. Sapkota, J. E. Saunders, S. Soneji, M. Sawhney, M. I. Saylan, I. J.C. Schneider, D. C. Schwebel, J. A. Singh, B. Serdar, G. Shaddick, Y. Shinohara, K. Shishani, I. Shiue, I. D. Sigfusdottir, A. Singh, K. Søreide, C. T. Sreeramareddy, N. J.C. Stapelberg, V. Stathopoulou, N. Steckling, K. Stroumpoulis, S. Swaminathan, M. Swaroop, Y. Yano, B. L. Sykes, K. M. Tabb, R. T. Talongwa, D. Tanne, M. Tavakkoli, S. V. Thackway, G. D. Thurston, F. Topouzis, J. A. Towbin, H. Toyoshima, J. Traebert, U. Trujillo, Z. Tsala Dimbuene, E. Tuzcu, U. S. Uchendu, K. N. Ukwaja, R. Van Dingenen, C. H. van Gool, J. van Os, T. J. Vasankari, A. N. Vasconcelos, F. S. Violante, V. Victorovich Vlassov, S. G. Waller, M. T. Wallin, W. Wang, K. Wessells, J. D. Wilkinson, H. C. Williams, S. M. Woldeyohannes, J. Q. Wong, A. D. Woolf, G. Xu, L. L. Yan, G. Yang, P. Yip, N. Yonemoto, M. Z. Younis, Z. Younoussi, C. Yu, M. E. Zaki, Y. Zhao, S. Zhu
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  • Ifakara Health Institute
  • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
  • Curtin University
  • University of Ottawa
  • Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University
  • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • University of Salahaddin
  • University of Papua New Guinea
  • IRCCS Ospedale Infantile Burlo Garofolo - Trieste
  • University of North Texas
  • Queensland University of Technology
  • National Center for Child Health and Development
  • Department of Medicine
  • University of Crete
  • Egerton University
  • Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
  • Federal Institute for Population Research
  • German National Cohort Consortium
  • Okinawa Chubu Hospital
  • American University of Beirut
  • University of KwaZulu-Natal
  • Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII
  • Ministry of Health
  • Suraj Eye Institute
  • The George Institute for Global Health
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • University of Oslo
  • Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elders and Children, Tanzania
  • East African Community Health Research Commission
  • Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
  • Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
  • University of Bergen
  • Lund University
  • Makerere University
  • Kyung Hee University
  • Teikyo University
  • Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
  • Lira Municipal Council
  • United Laboratories Inc.
  • Christian Medical College
  • Kosin University
  • Independent Researcher
  • Economics Institute
  • University of Porto
  • Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias
  • Hospital de Cruces
  • Biocruces Health Research Institute
  • Washington State Department of Health
  • Postgraduate Medical Institute
  • Flinders University
  • Aalborg University
  • Health Metrics Unit
  • University of the Witwatersrand
  • Federal Environmental Agency, Germany
  • McGill University
  • Myungsung Medical College
  • University of Newcastle
  • Brigham Young University
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
  • Fred Hollows Foundation
  • University of Illinois at Chicago
  • Contech International Health Consultants
  • Contech School of Public Health
  • Hamad Medical Corporation
  • University of Missouri
  • World Health Organization
  • Brown University
  • Center for Disease Analysis
  • Hospital das Clinica
  • Escola de Enfermagem
  • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
  • MRC Unit
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer
  • Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
  • University of Miami
  • Queensland Health
  • Calvary Healthcare Bruce
  • Case Western Reserve University
  • Cancer Treatment Centers of America
  • University of Zurich
  • University of Maryland School of Public Health
  • Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
  • Dartmouth College
  • Marshall University
  • Novartis Turkey
  • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
  • University of Alabama at Birmingham
  • University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
  • University of Bath
  • Tachikawa Hospital
  • Washington State University Spokane
  • Northumbria University
  • University of Edinburgh
  • Reykjavík University
  • International Institute for Population Sciences
  • Stavanger University Hospital
  • Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
  • Attikon University Hospital
  • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
  • General Hospital of Athens
  • Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin
  • National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
  • Northwestern University
  • Jichi Medical University
  • University of California at Irvine
  • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  • Ministry of Health Cameroon
  • Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer
  • Tel Aviv University
  • Westchester Medical Center
  • New South Wales Health Pathology
  • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  • Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center
  • University of Tennessee Health Science Center
  • Anjo Kosei Hospital
  • Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina
  • Servicio Canario de Salud
  • Université de Kinshasa
  • Cleveland Clinic Foundation
  • Federal Teaching Hospital
  • European Commission Joint Research Centre
  • National Institute of Public Health and the Environment
  • Maastricht University
  • UKK Institute
  • Universidade de Brasília
  • University of Bologna
  • Higher School of Economics
  • Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
  • Georgetown University
  • VA Medical Center
  • Capital Medical University
  • University of California at Davis
  • University of Nottingham
  • Gondar University
  • Ateneo de Manila University
  • Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
  • Nanjing University
  • Duke Kunshan University
  • The University of Hong Kong
  • National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira
  • Jackson State University
  • Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey
  • Wuhan University
  • Mansoura University
  • Chongqing Medical University
  • Zhejiang University

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)2287-2323
Number of pages37
JournalThe Lancet
Volume386
Issue number10010
DOIs
StatePublished - Dec 5 2015

ASJC Scopus Subject Areas

  • General Medicine

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